代写论文时英文摘要怎么写

更新时间:2020-01-11 来源:毕业论文 点击:

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摘要是代写论文的一个重要组成部分,有些读者看了摘要之后才决定是否要读全文,所以摘要一般应包括论文的主要事实和论点。当然,具体写法依论文的类型而定。就代写学位论文,学术论文和技术报告而论,多数摘要包括下列内容: 1)前提(介绍研究的背景、目的、定义等)。 2)研究的过程(包括所采用的材料和方法)或主要事实。 3)研究的结果或论点。 4)结论。 5)对未来工作的设想和建议。
  
  在这五项内容中,其中2、3、4项可以说是摘要的基本要素,因而常常都写得比较详细,其余两项可视具体可详可简,也可以从略不写。
  
  例1: Paternal influence on F.Seed Size in Soybean
  
  ABSTRACT:Heterosis for seed yield in soybean [Glycine Max(L.)Merr]has been large e-nough to stimulate research on efficient methods of obtaining cross pollination in this highlyself-pollinated crop and on techniques of detecting and separating the crossed seed.(背景)The objective of this study was to determine if cross fertilized seed could be distinguishedfrom self-fertilized seed on the basis of differences in seed size when a large seeded type wasused as the pollen parents.(目的)Large seeded and small seeded parents used in the studydiffered in seed weight by at least 3“g”1“” seeds.(材料)The study showed that the weight of the crossed seed was no greater than that of theselfed seed on the same plant when the number of pods at a node were about equal,prevent-ing any physical separation on the basis of seed size.(结论)
  
  大豆亲本对F1种子大小的影响
  
  摘要:大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]籽粒产量的杂种优势是很大的,这就促使人们去研究如何在这一高度自花授粉作物中获得异花授粉的有效方法,去研究检测和分离杂交种子的技术。本研究的目的是确定当使用大粒型大豆作父本时,是否可根据籽粒的大小把异交结实的种子与自交结实的种子区别开来。本研究所用的大粒和小粒亲本百粒重的差异至少达30克。
  
  研究表明,当节上荚数大致相等时,同一植株上异交种子的重量并不比自交种子大,这就排除了根据种子大小进行体型区别的可能性。
  
  例2: Hong Lou Meng and Shi tou Ji:Versions and their English translations
  
  ABSTRACT:The classical chinese novel Shi tou Ji,better known asHong Lou Meng,has twocomplete English version--The Story of the stone and A Dream of Red Mansions.(背景)Paradoxically,the source text for the story of stone is entitled Hong Lou Meng red mansiondream while the source text for the first 80 chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions is entitledSHi tou Ji stone story.(主要事实)The author of the present paper argues that the novels o-riginal title Shi tou Ji should be restored and that if there is going to be a definitive edition ofthe novel,its title should be Shi tou Ji,also known as Hong Lou Meng.(论点)After dis-cussing various possible English translation of the two title.the author comes to the conclu-sion that Hong Lou Meng as a title is untranslatable.(结论)
  
  《红楼梦》和《石头记》:版本和英文名
  
  摘要:《红楼梦》现有两个英文全译本,采用了两个截然不同的译名。原因不在于各自依据了不同版本的原文。Hawkes和Minford依据原文是《红楼梦》,译本却以《石头记》作为书名,因为“红楼梦”这一名字不好译。杨宪益、戴乃迭依据原文前80回是《石头记》。译本却以《红楼梦》作为书名,因为《红楼梦》已经家喻户晓。本文作者提出,应当遵循版本学原则,恢复小说的本名《石头记》,以《石头记,又名红楼梦》作为小说定本的书名。论文对《石头记》和《红楼梦》这两个书名的译法进行了探讨,认为“红楼梦”的全部意思无法准确地翻译成英文。
  
  摘要的内容虽然可简可详,代写论文摘要时方法多种多样,但写摘要时,下面几点都应注意。
  
  1)最好使摘要本身自成一篇独立的短文。
  
  2)摘要的文字要简明易懂,所以一篇专业词过多的摘要,可将有的专业词改为日常用词,使更多读者能看懂。
  
  3)尽量用最少的文字表达内容,但论点则要求尽可能具体。
  
  4)摘要篇幅短,词类一般控制在全文的1“8左右,就是较长论文的摘要也应压缩到两百词左右为宜。
  
  压缩篇幅可采用下列几种方法:
  
  1)以单词(或词组)替代短语或从句。
  
  2)以短语代替分句,如在例2中,Which is better known as Hong Lou Meng可简写成better known as Hong Lou Meng.
  
  3)转换句型。如在例2中第一句正常语序为There are two complete English versionsin the classical chinese novel Shi tou Ji,,,转换成The classical novel chinese novel Shi touJi has two complete English versions,,.
  
  4)合并句子,并去掉一些修饰语。

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